jest

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting

1. Tests are not running

Make sure you have installed Jest globally using npm install -g jest.
Ensure you have a package.json file with a jest script in the root of your project.
Run jest from the command line.

Example:

{
  "scripts": {
    "test": "jest"
  }
}

2. Tests are failing

Check the error messages. They usually provide helpful information.
Inspect the test code to ensure it is correct.
Use the debugger to step through the code and identify the issue.
Try isolating the failing test by creating a new test file with just the problematic test.

Example:

// failing-test.test.js
it('should fail', () => {
  expect(true).toBe(false);
});

3. Tests are running slowly

Check the performance of your code using a profiler.
Identify bottlenecks and optimize the code.
Parallelize tests if possible.
Use caching techniques to speed up test execution.

Example:

// using a profiler
const profiler = require('v8-profiler');

profiler.startProfiling();

// run tests

profiler.stopProfiling('profile.json');

4. Mocking and spying issues

Ensure you are using the correct mocking framework (e.g., jest.mock).
Check the arguments passed to the mock function and ensure they match the expected values.
Verify that the mock function is called the expected number of times.

Example:

// correct mocking
jest.mock('my-module');
const myModule = require('my-module');

// incorrect mocking
const myModule = jest.fn();

5. Setup and teardown issues

Ensure that beforeEach and afterEach hooks are properly defined in the test file.
Check if the setup and teardown code is executing as expected.
Use a debugger to trace the execution of the hooks.

Example:

// proper setup and teardown
beforeEach(() => {
  // setup code
});

afterEach(() => {
  // teardown code
});

Potential Applications in the Real World:

Debugging and fixing failing tests during development and CI/CD pipelines.
Performance optimization of test suites to reduce execution time.
Mocking and spying in unit tests to isolate components and test specific functionality.
Implementing setup and teardown hooks to create and clean up test data and resources.

Using Native Node.js Modules

Using Native Node.js Modules

What are Native Node.js Modules?

Native Node.js modules are written in C++ and compiled into native machine code. This makes them very fast, as they run directly on the computer's hardware instead of being interpreted by JavaScript.

Common Native Node.js Modules:

fs (File System): For interacting with files and directories on your computer.
path: For manipulating file paths and directories.
os: For interacting with the operating system.
child_process: For running other processes from within your Node.js program.

Accessing Native Node.js Modules:

To access a native Node.js module, you use the require() function. For example, to access the fs module:

const fs = require('fs');

Real-World Examples:

Using fs to read a file:

const fs = require('fs');

fs.readFile('myfile.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
  if (err) throw err;

  console.log(data);
});

Using path to join two file paths:

const path = require('path');

const filePath1 = 'file1.txt';
const filePath2 = 'file2.txt';

const joinedPath = path.join(filePath1, filePath2);

console.log(joinedPath); // 'file1.txt/file2.txt'

Using os to get the current user's home directory:

const os = require('os');

const homeDir = os.homedir();

console.log(homedir); // '/Users/username'

Using child_process to run a shell command:

const { exec } = require('child_process');

exec('ls -l', (err, stdout, stderr) => {
  if (err) throw err;

  console.log(stdout);
});

Potential Applications:

File I/O (Reading/writing files)
System administration
Running external commands
Asynchronous programming (e.g., using fs.readFile with a callback)

Using Vue.js

Shallow Mounting

Shallow mounting only renders the current component, not its children. This is useful for testing the component's own functionality without the need to also test its children.

Code Snippet:

import { shallowMount } from '@vue/test-utils'

describe('MyComponent', () => {
  it('should render a button', () => {
    const wrapper = shallowMount(MyComponent)
    expect(wrapper.find('button').exists()).toBe(true)
  })
})

Deep Mounting

Deep mounting renders the current component and all its children. This is useful for testing how the component interacts with its children.

Code Snippet:

import { mount } from '@vue/test-utils'

describe('MyComponent', () => {
  it('should render a button and a child component', () => {
    const wrapper = mount(MyComponent)
    expect(wrapper.find('button').exists()).toBe(true)
    expect(wrapper.find('MyChildComponent').exists()).toBe(true)
  })
})

Stubbing

Stubbing allows you to replace a child component with a mock component that returns a specific value or behavior. This is useful for isolating the component being tested from its dependencies.

Code Snippet:

import { shallowMount } from '@vue/test-utils'
import MyStubComponent from './MyStubComponent.vue'

describe('MyComponent', () => {
  it('should render a stubbed child component', () => {
    const wrapper = shallowMount(MyComponent, {
      stubs: {
        MyChildComponent: MyStubComponent
      }
    })
    expect(wrapper.find('MyChildComponent').exists()).toBe(true)
  })
})

Mocking

Mocking allows you to replace a function or variable with a mock function or variable that returns a specific value or behavior. This is useful for testing how the component interacts with external dependencies.

Code Snippet:

import { shallowMount } from '@vue/test-utils'
import fetchMock from 'jest-fetch-mock'

describe('MyComponent', () => {
  it('should call a mocked API', () => {
    const apiResponse = { data: { name: 'John' } }
    fetchMock.mockResponseOnce(JSON.stringify(apiResponse))

    const wrapper = shallowMount(MyComponent)
    wrapper.vm.callApi()

    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
    expect(wrapper.vm.name).toBe('John')
  })
})

Real World Applications

Testing UI components without having to worry about the underlying implementation.
Isolating components from their dependencies for reliable testing.
Verifying interactions between components and external resources.
Simplifying testing by replacing complex components with stubs or mocks.

Matchers

Matchers

Matchers are a way to check if a value matches a certain condition or expectation. They are used in unit tests to verify the output of a function or the state of an object.

Example:

// Check if a variable is equal to a value
expect(myVariable).toEqual(5);

// Check if a function throws an error
expect(() => myFunction()).toThrow();

// Check if an object has a certain property
expect(myObject).toHaveProperty('name');

Types of Matchers

toBe: Checks if two values are exactly the same (including type).
toEqual: Checks if two values are deeply equal (equivalent, but not necessarily the same type).
toBeNull: Checks if a value is null.
toBeUndefined: Checks if a value is undefined.
toBeTruthy: Checks if a value is considered truthy (non-false).
toBeFalsy: Checks if a value is considered falsy (false).
toContain: Checks if an array or string contains a specific item.
toThrow: Checks if a function throws an error when called.
toHaveProperty: Checks if an object has a property with a specific value.

Real-World Applications

Matchers are useful for testing a wide range of scenarios, including:

Verifying the output of API calls
Checking the state of data after a database operation
Ensuring that input validation works as expected
Testing the behavior of event handlers

Complete Code Implementations

Example 1: Checking for a specific string in an array:

describe('Array Utilities', () => {
  it('should find the string "apple" in the array', () => {
    const fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];
    expect(fruits).toContain('apple');
  });
});

Example 2: Verifying that a function throws an error:

describe('Error Handling', () => {
  it('should throw an error when the input is invalid', () => {
    const myFunction = (input) => {
      if (input < 0) {
        throw new Error('Input must be non-negative');
      }
    };
    expect(() => myFunction(-1)).toThrow();
  });
});

Jest Release Notes

Assert Assertions

Simplified Explanation

Assert assertions are used to test whether a condition is true or false. If the condition is true, the test passes. If the condition is false, the test fails.

Example

it('should pass if the condition is true', () => {
  const truthy = true;
  expect(truthy).toBeTruthy();
});

Expect Matchers

Simplified Explanation

Expect matchers are used to test whether a value matches a given pattern or constraint. There are many different matchers available, each with its own specific purpose.

Example

it('should pass if the value matches the pattern', () => {
  const value = 'hello world';
  expect(value).toMatch(/hello/);
});

Spy Functions

Simplified Explanation

Spy functions are used to track whether a function has been called and how it was called. This can be useful for testing whether a function was called in the correct way or with the correct arguments.

Example

it('should pass if the function was called', () => {
  const spy = jest.fn();
  spy();
  expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Mock Functions

Simplified Explanation

Mock functions are used to replace real functions with fake ones that can be controlled and tested. This can be useful for testing whether a function was called in the correct way or for testing the behavior of a function in isolation.

Example

it('should pass if the mock function was called', () => {
  const mockFunction = jest.fn();
  mockFunction('hello world');
  expect(mockFunction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});

Real World Applications

Assert assertions, expect matchers, spy functions, and mock functions are all essential tools for testing JavaScript code. They can be used to test a wide variety of conditions and behaviors, and they can help you to ensure that your code is working as expected.

Here are some real-world examples of how these tools can be used:

Assert assertions can be used to test whether a function returns the correct value or whether a condition is true.
Expect matchers can be used to test whether a string matches a regular expression or whether an object has a certain property.
Spy functions can be used to track whether a function was called and how it was called.
Mock functions can be used to replace real functions with fake ones that can be controlled and tested.

These tools can be used to test a wide variety of code, from simple functions to complex applications. They are an essential part of the testing toolkit for any JavaScript developer.

API Reference

1. Assertions

Assertions are used to verify that a certain condition is met. They take the form of expect(actual).toBe(expected) or expect(actual).toEqual(expected), where actual is the value being tested and expected is the expected value.

expect(1 + 1).toBe(2);  // Passes
expect(1 + 1).toBe(3);  // Fails

Real world applications:

Verifying that the result of a calculation is correct.
Making sure that a variable contains the expected value.

2. Mocks

Mocks are used to replace real objects with fake ones for testing purposes. They allow you to control the behavior of objects and verify that they are being called as expected.

const mockFn = jest.fn();
const object = {
  method: mockFn
};

object.method();
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalled();

Real world applications:

Isolating a component from its dependencies for testing.
Verifying that a function is being called with the correct arguments.

3. Spies

Spies are a type of mock that record information about how they are being called. They can be used to verify that a function has been called, how many times it has been called, and what arguments it was called with.

const spy = jest.spyOn(object, 'method');

object.method();
expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalled();
expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('argument1', 'argument2');

Real world applications:

Logging and debugging the behavior of a function.
Verifying that a function is called multiple times in a specific order.

4. Stubs

Stubs are a type of mock that replace a real function with a fake one. They can be used to control the return value or behavior of a function.

const stub = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(42);

const result = object.method();
expect(result).toBe(42);

Real world applications:

Mocking out a real function that is difficult or impossible to test.
Simulating the behavior of a function under different conditions.

5. Fixtures

Fixtures are objects or functions that are used to set up the state of a test before it runs. They can be used to create data, initialize objects, or perform any other setup tasks.

beforeEach(() => {
  const fixture = {
    name: 'John',
    age: 30
  };
  // Do something with the fixture
});

Real world applications:

Setting up a consistent starting point for each test.
Creating complex objects or data structures for testing.

6. Test Suites and Test Cases

Test suites are groups of related test cases. Test cases are individual tests that verify a specific behavior. Test suites can be used to organize and structure tests.

describe('My Test Suite', () => {
  it('My Test Case 1', () => {
    // Test code
  });

  it('My Test Case 2', () => {
    // Test code
  });
});

Real world applications:

Grouping related tests together for easier management and organization.
Running specific test suites based on specific criteria.

Additional Resources:

Using MongoDB

MongoDB with Node.js and Jest

Introduction

MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data in a document-oriented model. It is popular for its flexibility and scalability. Jest is a popular testing framework for JavaScript.

Getting Started

To use MongoDB with Jest, you will need to:

Install the mongodb package: npm install mongodb
Create a MongoClient instance: const client = new MongoClient(uri);
Connect to the database: await client.connect();
Use the database: const db = client.db('my-database');

Code Example

const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');

const uri = 'mongodb://localhost:27017';

const client = new MongoClient(uri);

async function main() {
  await client.connect();
  const db = client.db('my-database');

  const collection = db.collection('my-collection');

  // Insert a document
  const result = await collection.insertOne({ name: 'John Doe' });

  // Find a document
  const doc = await collection.findOne({ name: 'John Doe' });

  console.log(doc);

  await client.close();
}

main().catch(console.error);

Real-World Applications

MongoDB is used in a variety of real-world applications, including:

Social networking
E-commerce
Gaming
Healthcare
IoT

Potential Applications in Jest

Jest can be used to test MongoDB applications in a variety of ways, including:

Testing database connections
Testing CRUD operations (create, read, update, delete)
Testing data validation
Testing database performance

Simplified Explanation

MongoDB: A database that stores data in documents, similar to JSON objects.
Jest: A tool to test your JavaScript code, including MongoDB interactions.

Detailed Explanation

Getting Started

Install the mongodb package: Run a command in your terminal to download the necessary files.
Create a MongoClient instance: This is like a window into the database.
Connect to the database: Open the window and establish a connection.
Use the database: Once connected, you can access specific collections (tables) and data within them.

Code Example

// Important note: Replace "YOUR_DATABASE_NAME" with the actual name of your database.
const database = client.db("YOUR_DATABASE_NAME");

// Inserting a document into the "users" collection
const result = await database.collection("users").insertOne({ name: "Alice" });

// Finding a document from the "users" collection
const user = await database.collection("users").findOne({ name: "Alice" });

// Printing the found document
console.log(user);

Real-World Applications

Social networking: Store user profiles, posts, and interactions (e.g., likes, comments).
E-commerce: Manage product catalogs, orders, and customer information.
Gaming: Store player data, game settings, and in-app purchases.
Healthcare: Maintain patient records, medical history, and treatment plans.
IoT: Track and analyze sensor data from connected devices.

Potential Applications in Jest

Testing database connections: Ensure your application can reliably connect to the database.
Testing CRUD operations: Verify that data can be created, read, updated, and deleted as expected.
Testing data validation: Check that the database enforces data constraints and prevents invalid entries.
Testing database performance: Measure the speed and efficiency of database queries and operations.

Using React

Testing React Components with Jest

What is Jest?

Jest is a popular testing framework for JavaScript applications, including React apps. It allows you to write tests to ensure your components work as expected.

How to Set Up Jest for React

Install Jest and the Jest React adapter: npm install --save-dev jest @testing-library/react
Create a file named setupTests.js in your project's root directory and add the following code:

import '@testing-library/jest-dom';

Writing React Component Tests

Shallow Rendering

Shallow rendering tests the component itself, without its children or any external dependencies. This is useful for testing component logic and props.

import React from 'react';
import { render } from '@testing-library/react';
import MyComponent from './MyComponent';

test('renders the component', () => {
  const { getByText } = render(<MyComponent />);
  expect(getByText('Hello World!')).toBeInTheDocument();
});

Mount Rendering

Mount rendering tests the component along with its children and any external dependencies. This is useful for testing component interactions and integration.

import React from 'react';
import { mount } from '@testing-library/react';
import MyComponent from './MyComponent';

test('renders the component and its children', () => {
  const wrapper = mount(<MyComponent />);
  expect(wrapper.find('button')).toHaveLength(1);
});

Real-World Applications

Testing React components ensures that they:

Render correctly with different props
Respond to events as expected
Integrate with external dependencies correctly

This helps prevent bugs and ensures your app behaves as intended in the real world.

Using Redux

Using Redux

Redux is a state management library for JavaScript applications. It helps you to manage the state of your application in a predictable and consistent way.

Key Concepts

State: The state of your application is the data that it needs to function. This could include things like the user's current location, the contents of their shopping cart, or the current time.
Actions: Actions are events that occur in your application. They can be triggered by user input, such as clicking a button, or by external events, such as receiving data from a server.
Reducers: Reducers are functions that take an action and the current state of your application, and return a new state. Reducers are used to update the state of your application in response to actions.
Store: The store is the central repository for the state of your application. It holds the current state and provides access to it through the getState() method.

How to Use Redux

To use Redux, you'll need to install the redux package from npm:

npm install redux

Once you've installed Redux, you can create a store:

import { createStore } from 'redux';

const store = createStore(reducer);

The reducer function is a function that takes the current state of your application and the action that was triggered, and returns a new state.

You can then dispatch actions to the store:

store.dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });

The store will then call the reducer function with the current state and the action that was dispatched. The reducer will return a new state, which will be updated in the store.

You can access the current state of your application through the getState() method:

const state = store.getState();

Real-World Examples

Redux can be used in a variety of real-world applications, such as:

Managing the state of a shopping cart
Managing the state of a user's location
Managing the state of a game

Potential Applications

Redux is a powerful tool that can be used to manage the state of JavaScript applications in a predictable and consistent way. It can be used in a variety of real-world applications, and it can help to improve the performance and maintainability of your code.

Setup and Teardown

Setup and Teardown in Jest

What is Setup and Teardown?

Imagine you're running a test for a function that calculates the area of a triangle. To test this function, you need to set up a triangle with a certain height and width. This is like the setup step.

After running the test, you need to clean up the triangle, like deleting it or setting it to null. This is like the teardown step.

Why are Setup and Teardown Important?

Setup and teardown help prevent tests from interfering with each other. Without them, one test could leave behind data that affects the results of the next test.

How to Set Up and Tear Down in Jest

There are two ways to set up and tear down in Jest:

1. Using beforeEach and afterEach

These are lifecycle methods that run before and after each test. Here's an example:

describe('Triangle', () => {
  let triangle; // The triangle object

  beforeEach(() => {
    triangle = new Triangle(3, 4); // Create a triangle with height 3 and width 4
  });

  afterEach(() => {
    triangle = null; // Delete the triangle
  });

  it('should calculate the area correctly', () => {
    expect(triangle.getArea()).toBe(6);
  });
});

In this example, beforeEach creates the triangle before each test, and afterEach deletes it after each test.

2. Using beforeAll and afterAll

These are lifecycle methods that run before and after all tests in a describe block. Here's an example:

describe('Triangle', () => {
  let triangle; // The triangle object

  beforeAll(() => {
    triangle = new Triangle(3, 4); // Create a triangle with height 3 and width 4
  });

  afterAll(() => {
    triangle = null; // Delete the triangle
  });

  it('should calculate the area correctly', () => {
    expect(triangle.getArea()).toBe(6);
  });
});

In this example, beforeAll creates the triangle once before all tests, and afterAll deletes it once after all tests.

Real-World Applications

Setup and teardown can be useful in any situation where you need to prepare data before a test and clean it up afterwards. Here are some examples:

Creating a database connection before a test and closing it afterwards
Creating a file or directory before a test and deleting it afterwards
Mocking a server or API before a test and restoring it afterwards

Installation and Setup

Simplified Explanation of Jest's Installation and Setup

Installation:

Install Node.js (version 16.14.2 or later): A platform for running JavaScript code.
Create a new directory (folder) for your project.
Open a terminal window in your project directory.
Run this command to install Jest globally: npm install -g jest

Setup:

1. Create a test file:

Create a file with a .test.js or .test.ts extension.
This file will contain your test cases.

2. Import Jest:

Add import "@testing-library/jest-dom/extend-expect" at the top of your test file.
This imports Jest's testing utilities for DOM testing.

3. Write a test case:

Use the it() function to define a test case.
Inside it(), write code to test your component or function.
Use assertions (like expect) to verify your expectations.

Example:

// myComponent.test.js

import { getByText } from "@testing-library/dom";

it("renders a button with the text 'Submit'", () => {
  const button = getByText(document.body, "Submit");
  expect(button).toBeInTheDocument();
});

Real-World Applications:

Unit testing: Testing individual components or functions in isolation.
Integration testing: Testing how different components interact with each other.
Automated testing: Running tests on a regular basis to ensure that your code is still working correctly after changes.

Potential Applications:

Frontend development: Testing UI components, event handlers, etc.
Backend development: Testing API endpoints, database queries, etc.
Mobile development: Testing native or cross-platform mobile applications.
DevOps: Automating testing as part of a continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipeline.

Command Line Interface

Command Line Interface (CLI)

The Jest CLI is a tool that allows you to run Jest tests from your terminal. It provides commands for:

1. Running Tests:

npm test or yarn test: Runs all tests in your project.
jest --watch: Runs tests in watch mode, automatically re-running them when changes are made.
jest <file_name>: Runs tests in a specific file.

2. Configuring Tests:

jest --config <config_file>: Sets a custom configuration file for Jest.
jest --coverage: Generates a code coverage report.

3. Debugging Tests:

jest --verbose: Prints detailed information about test execution.
jest --debug: Launches a debugger before each test run.

4. Reporting Tests:

jest --json: Outputs test results in JSON format.
jest --junit: Outputs test results in JUnit XML format.

5. Mocking and Spying:

jest.mock(): Mocks a module or function.
jest.spyOn(): Spies on a method or function.

Real-World Applications:

Testing API endpoints: Jest can be used to test API endpoints for correctness, performance, and security.
Unit testing: Jest can be used to test individual functions or modules in isolation.
Integration testing: Jest can be used to test how different components of an application interact with each other.

Example:

// index.js
export function addNumbers(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

// index.test.js
import { addNumbers } from "./index.js";

test("addNumbers function should add two numbers", () => {
  expect(addNumbers(1, 2)).toBe(3);
});

To run the test:

npm test

This code tests the addNumbers function by calling it with the inputs 1 and 2 and checking if the result is 3.

Writing Tests

1. Writing tests with Jest

Jest is a popular testing framework for JavaScript and Node.js. It provides a set of tools and assertions that help you write tests for your code.

How to write a test with Jest

it('should add two numbers', () => {
  const sum = add(1, 2);
  expect(sum).toBe(3);
});

it is a function that takes a string describing the test and a callback function.
add is the function under test.
expect is a function that provides assertions.
toBe is an assertion that checks if two values are equal.

2. Assertions

Assertions are a way to check if your code is behaving as expected. Jest provides a variety of assertions, including:

toBe: checks if two values are equal.
toEqual: checks if two objects are equal.
toBeNull: checks if a value is null.
toBeDefined: checks if a value is defined.
toBeTruthy: checks if a value is true.

3. Mocks

Mocks are a way to create fake objects that can be used to test your code. This can be useful for testing functions that depend on external resources, such as databases or web services.

How to create a mock with Jest

const mockAdd = jest.fn().mockImplementation((a, b) => a + b);

mockAdd is a mock function that implements the add function.

4. Spies

Spies are a way to track how a function is being called. This can be useful for debugging and testing asynchronous code.

How to create a spy with Jest

const spy = jest.spyOn(object, 'method');

spy is a spy that will track calls to the method function on the object.

Real-world examples

Testing a function that adds two numbers:

it('should add two numbers', () => {
  const sum = add(1, 2);
  expect(sum).toBe(3);
});

Testing a function that depends on an external resource (e.g., a database):

it('should get user by id', () => {
  const mockGetUser = jest.fn().mockImplementation((id) => {
    return { id: id, name: 'John' };
  });

  const user = getUser(1, mockGetUser);
  expect(user.id).toBe(1);
  expect(user.name).toBe('John');
});

Testing an asynchronous function:

it('should get user by id (async)', async () => {
  const mockGetUser = jest.fn().mockImplementation((id) => {
    return new Promise((resolve) => {
      setTimeout(() => {
        resolve({ id: id, name: 'John' });
      }, 100);
    });
  });

  const spy = jest.spyOn(mockGetUser, 'mockImplementation');

  const user = await getUser(1, mockGetUser);
  expect(user.id).toBe(1);
  expect(user.name).toBe('John');

  expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
  expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1);
});

Using Angular

1. Testing Angular Components with Jest

What is it?

Jest is a testing framework for JavaScript that allows you to write tests for your Angular components.

Why use it?

Fast and Reliable: Jest is known for its speed and reliability, ensuring quick feedback on your tests.
Easy to Use: Jest has a simple and intuitive API that makes it easy to write tests.
Asserts and Mocks: Jest provides a rich set of asserts for verifying test outcomes and mock functions for simulating dependencies.

How to use it:

// component.spec.ts
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';

@Component({
  selector: 'my-component',
  template: '<div>My Component</div>'
})
class MyComponent { }

describe('MyComponent', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      declarations: [
        MyComponent
      ]
    });
  });

  it('should render the component', () => {
    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(MyComponent);
    expect(fixture.nativeElement.textContent).toEqual('My Component');
  });
});

2. Testing Angular Services with Jest

What is it?

Jest allows you to test Angular services, which are reusable, injectable classes that provide specific functionality to your application.

Why use it?

Isolate Logic: Services can have complex logic, and Jest allows you to isolate and test this logic independently of other components.
Spy on Methods: You can spy on service methods to verify their behavior and interactions.
Mock Dependencies: Jest allows you to mock service dependencies for controlled testing.

How to use it:

// service.spec.ts
import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { MyService } from './my-service';

describe('MyService', () => {
  let service: MyService;

  beforeEach(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      providers: [
        MyService
      ]
    });
    service = TestBed.inject(MyService);
  });

  it('should return a greeting', () => {
    expect(service.getGreeting()).toEqual('Hello World');
  });
});

3. Testing Angular Directives with Jest

What is it?

Directives are reusable components that enhance the behavior of DOM elements. Jest can be used to test the functionality and behavior of directives.

Why use it?

Validate DOM Manipulation: Directives often interact with the DOM, and Jest allows you to verify the expected DOM modifications.
Test Event Handling: You can test how directives respond to events, such as clicks or changes.
Assert Attribute Values: Jest helps you assert the values of attributes set by directives.

How to use it:

// directive.spec.ts
import { Component, Directive } from '@angular/core';
import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';

@Directive({
  selector: '[my-directive]'
})
class MyDirective { }

@Component({
  selector: 'my-component',
  template: '<div my-directive></div>'
})
class MyComponent { }

describe('MyDirective', () => {
  let fixture: ComponentFixture<MyComponent>;

  beforeEach(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      declarations: [
        MyComponent,
        MyDirective
      ]
    });
    fixture = TestBed.createComponent(MyComponent);
  });

  it('should add a class to the element', () => {
    fixture.detectChanges();
    expect(fixture.nativeElement.querySelector('div').classList.contains('my-class')).toBeTruthy();
  });
});

Real-World Applications:

Unit testing Angular components to ensure their correct functionality and rendering.
Verifying the behavior of services in isolation, such as data retrieval or manipulation.
Validating the behavior of directives that modify the appearance or functionality of DOM elements.

Using TypeScript

Setting Up TypeScript for Jest

1. Install TypeScript:

npm install --save-dev typescript

2. Create a tsconfig.json file:

This file configures TypeScript settings for your project:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "es5",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "lib": ["es5", "dom"],
    "jsx": "react",
    "outDir": "dist",
  }
}

3. Compile TypeScript files:

Use the tsc command to compile TypeScript files into JavaScript:

tsc

Writing Tests in TypeScript

1. Use .tsx file extension:

Create test files with the .tsx extension instead of .js:

// my-test.tsx

describe('My Test', () => {
  it('should run', () => {
    expect(true).toBeTruthy();
  });
});

2. Declare types:

TypeScript allows you to declare types for your tests, making them more readable and maintainable:

interface MyTest {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}

describe('My Test', () => {
  it('should run', () => {
    const test: MyTest = {
      name: 'John',
      age: 30,
    };

    expect(test.name).toBe('John');
  });
});

Real-World Applications

1. Type Safety: TypeScript ensures the type safety of your tests, preventing errors that can occur at runtime in JavaScript. 2. Code Readability: Declaring types makes your tests more readable and easier to understand, especially in complex projects. 3. Code Maintenance: TypeScript's type system helps maintain the consistency and quality of your tests, reducing the risk of breaking changes.

Complete Code Implementation

// test.tsx

import { expect } from 'chai';

interface MyTest {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}

describe('My Test', () => {
  it('should run', () => {
    const test: MyTest = {
      name: 'John',
      age: 30,
    };

    expect(test.name).toBe('John');
  });
});

This test file demonstrates:

Using TypeScript syntax (interface declaration, type annotation)
Importing a testing library (Chai)
Writing a test case that asserts a specific value

Mock Functions

What are Mock Functions?

Imagine you're playing with your toy car. You pretend that the car starts when you turn the ignition, even though it's just a toy and doesn't actually start. That's like a mock function in testing. It pretends to be a real function, but it's just a fake that you can control.

Why use Mock Functions?

When you're testing your code, you sometimes want to check that your code is calling other functions in the right way. But if those other functions are real, they might cause unexpected effects or make your tests run slowly. That's where mock functions come in. You can use them to replace the real functions with fake ones that you can control.

How to Create Mock Functions?

In Jest, you can create mock functions using the jest.fn() function.

const mockFunction = jest.fn();

How to Use Mock Functions?

Once you have a mock function, you can use it like a regular function. But the difference is that you can check what the mock function has been called with, how many times it's been called, and what it returned.

To check what the mock function has been called with, use the mock.calls property.

mockFunction(1, 2, 3);

console.log(mockFunction.mock.calls); // [[1, 2, 3]]

To check how many times the mock function has been called, use the mock.calls.length property.

mockFunction(1, 2, 3);
mockFunction(4, 5, 6);

console.log(mockFunction.mock.calls.length); // 2

To check what the mock function returned, use the mock.results property.

mockFunction.mockReturnValue(42);

console.log(mockFunction(1, 2, 3)); // 42

Real-World Examples

Let's say you have a function that calculates the area of a triangle. You can use a mock function to pretend that it's been called with the correct inputs and check that it returns the correct area.

function calculateTriangleArea(base, height) {
  return 0.5 * base * height;
}

const mockCalculateTriangleArea = jest.fn();
mockCalculateTriangleArea.mockReturnValue(42);

console.log(mockCalculateTriangleArea(10, 20)); // 42

Potential Applications

Mock functions are useful in many different testing scenarios:

Isolating your code from external dependencies
Testing error handling
Verifying that your code calls other functions in the correct way
Simplifying complex tests

Mock Modules

Mock Modules in Jest

In Jest, a testing framework for JavaScript, mock modules allow you to replace modules imported into your test with test-specific versions. This helps create isolated tests that focus on the functionality you're interested in.

1. Creating Mocks

To create a mock module, use jest.mock():

jest.mock('moduleName');

This replaces the module in the test with a mock, which looks like the original but behaves differently.

2. Configuring Mocks

After creating a mock, you can configure its behavior using methods like:

mockImplementation: Replaces the module's logic with a custom function.
mockReturnValue: Sets the value returned by the module's functions.
mockResolvedValue: Sets the value resolved by the module's promises.

For example:

// Mock the 'fetch' module to always return a resolved promise with data
jest.mock('fetch');
fetch.mockResolvedValue({ data: '...', status: 200 });

3. Using Mocks

To use a mock, import it into the test as usual:

const { fetch } = require('moduleName');

The imported module will now be the mock you configured earlier.

4. Resetting Mocks

After running a test, Jest automatically resets all mocks to their original state.

5. Real-World Applications

Unit Testing:

Mock external dependencies (e.g., database, APIs) to focus on testing your code's logic.
Replace complex modules with simplified versions for faster and more isolated tests.

Integration Testing:

Stub out specific modules to simulate different scenarios.
Test how your code interacts with external systems without making actual API calls.

Example:

Testing an application that uses a database module:

// Test file
// Mock the database module to return a predefined set of data
jest.mock('database');
database.mockImplementation(() => ({
  // Custom mock implementation of the database functionality
}));

// Application file
const database = require('database');
// ... Use the database module as usual ...

In this example, the database module is mocked to return predefined data, allowing the test to focus on testing the application's logic without involving the actual database.

Asynchronous Testing

Asynchronous Testing

In Node.js, there are many asynchronous functions that don't return a value right away. For example, reading from a file takes time and the result won't be available immediately.

To test asynchronous code, you need to wait for the result to be available before asserting its value. Jest provides different ways to do this.

1. Using async and await

Jest supports the async and await syntax introduced in ECMAScript 2017. This allows you to write tests that look like synchronous code, but are actually executed asynchronously.

test('reading from a file', async () => {
  const fs = require('fs');

  const data = await fs.readFileSync('file.txt', 'utf-8');

  expect(data).toBe('Hello world!');
});

2. Using done

For older JavaScript versions or if you don't want to use async and await, you can use the done parameter of a test function. The done function is called when the test is complete, and allows you to assert the result.

test('reading from a file', (done) => {
  const fs = require('fs');

  fs.readFileSync('file.txt', 'utf-8', (err, data) => {
    if (err) {
      done(err);
    } else {
      expect(data).toBe('Hello world!');
      done();
    }
  });
});

3. Using returns

If you want to test the return value of an asynchronous function without waiting for it to complete, you can use the returns function of a test function. This function returns a promise that resolves to the return value of the asynchronous function.

test('reading from a file', () => {
  const fs = require('fs');

  const promise = fs.readFileSync('file.txt', 'utf-8');

  return expect(promise).resolves.toBe('Hello world!');
});

Real-World Applications

Asynchronous testing is essential for testing any code that interacts with the outside world, such as:

HTTP requests
Database queries
File I/O
WebSocket connections

By using asynchronous testing, you can ensure that your code works correctly even when it takes time to complete.

Contributing to Jest

1. Contribution Guidelines

What it means: You should follow these rules when writing code and submitting it to Jest.

Code Style: Use the Prettier code formatting tool.

Testing: Write tests for your changes.

Documentation: Update the documentation if your changes affect the API or how Jest works.

2. Setting Up Your Development Environment

What it means: You need to install the necessary tools to work on Jest.

Node.js and npm: Make sure you have Node.js and npm installed.

Clone Jest: Download the Jest codebase from GitHub.

Install Jest and its dependencies: Run npm install in the Jest directory.

3. Submitting a Pull Request

What it means: You're sending your proposed changes to the Jest team for review.

Create a branch: Create a new branch for your changes.

Commit your changes: Save your changes to the branch.

Create a pull request: Submit your changes to Jest's GitHub repository.

Describe your changes: Explain what you changed and why.

Wait for review: The Jest team will review your pull request and provide feedback.

4. Troubleshooting

What it means: If you run into problems, check these solutions.

Test failures: Fix the failing tests by updating your code or adjusting the test expectations.

Linting errors: Use the Prettier code formatter to fix any code style issues.

5. Real-World Applications

Improving Jest's functionality: You can directly contribute to Jest's core functionality by improving its testing capabilities, performance, or UI.

Developing new plugins: Jest allows you to create plugins that extend its functionality. For example, you could develop a plugin for specific test frameworks or integrate with other JavaScript libraries.

Customizing Jest configuration: By modifying Jest's configuration, you can tailor it to fit your specific project's needs and optimize test execution.

Snapshot Testing

Imagine your friend Mike takes a photo of his room every day. One day, he puts a new bed in his room and takes a photo. He compares the new photo to the old one and notices that the change he made looks strange.

Snapshot testing is like Mike's daily photos. It takes a "snapshot" of a piece of code's output and stores it. When you change the code, it compares the new output to the stored snapshot. If they differ, it raises an error.

How it Works

Create a Snapshot: Run your test with the code you want to test. Jest will automatically save the output as a snapshot.
Change the Code: Make changes to your code and run the test again.
Compare Snapshots: Jest will compare the updated output to the stored snapshot. If they match, your test passes. If they differ, your test fails.

Benefits

Catches unintentional changes: Prevents errors that can alter the intended behavior of your code.
Simplifies debugging: Helps pinpoint specific changes that cause the snapshot to mismatch.
Ensures UI consistency: For React components, it validates that UI elements are consistent across different states and props.

Code Example

// Initial test
it('renders a greeting', () => {
  const wrapper = shallow(<Greeting name="Mike" />);
  expect(wrapper).toMatchSnapshot();
});

// After changing the code
it('renders a greeting', () => {
  const wrapper = shallow(<Greeting name="Jane" />);
  expect(wrapper).toMatchSnapshot(); // This will fail because the greeting has changed
});

Real-World Applications

UI testing: Ensure that user interfaces remain consistent and visually correct.
API responses: Validate that the responses from an API match the expected format and content.
Redux state management: Check that state transitions in Redux stores behave as intended.
Data reconciliation: Verify the integrity of data during synchronization processes.

Using Enzyme

Enzyme is a JavaScript library that makes it easier to test React components. It provides a set of utilities that you can use to render React components, simulate user interactions, and assert the output of your components.

Installing Enzyme

npm install enzyme --save-dev

Using Enzyme

Once you have installed Enzyme, you can import it into your test files.

import Enzyme from 'enzyme';
import Adapter from 'enzyme-adapter-react-16';

Enzyme.configure({ adapter: new Adapter() });

Shallow Rendering

Shallow rendering is a technique for testing React components without rendering their children. This can be useful for testing components that are not dependent on their children, or for testing components that have a lot of children.

To shallow render a component, you can use the shallow function.

const wrapper = shallow(<MyComponent />);

Full Rendering

Full rendering is a technique for testing React components by rendering them with all of their children. This can be useful for testing components that are dependent on their children, or for testing components that have a lot of complex interactions.

To full render a component, you can use the mount function.

const wrapper = mount(<MyComponent />);

Simulating User Interactions

Enzyme provides a number of methods for simulating user interactions, such as clicking, typing, and hovering.

To simulate a click, you can use the simulate method with the click argument.

wrapper.simulate('click');

To simulate typing, you can use the simulate method with the change argument.

wrapper.simulate('change', { target: { value: 'new value' } });

To simulate hovering, you can use the simulate method with the mouseOver argument.

wrapper.simulate('mouseOver');

Asserting the Output of Components

Enzyme provides a number of methods for asserting the output of components, such as expect, assert, and should.

To assert that a component renders a particular element, you can use the expect method with the toExist matcher.

expect(wrapper).toExist();

To assert that a component renders a particular text, you can use the expect method with the toContain matcher.

expect(wrapper).toContain('hello world');

To assert that a component has a particular state, you can use the expect method with the toHaveState matcher.

expect(wrapper).toHaveState({ count: 1 });

Real-World Applications

Enzyme can be used to test a variety of React components, including:

Simple components: Components that have no dependencies on other components.
Complex components: Components that have a lot of dependencies on other components.
Components with state: Components that use state to store data.
Components with complex interactions: Components that have a lot of user interactions.

Enzyme can help you to write tests that are:

Fast: Enzyme tests are fast to write and run.
Reliable: Enzyme tests are reliable and will not break when your code changes.
Maintainable: Enzyme tests are easy to read and maintain.

Test Suites and Specs

Test Suites and Specs in Jest

What is a Test Suite?

Imagine a suite as a group of rooms in a house. Each room represents a specific part of your application that you want to test. For example, you could have a room for the login functionality and another for the shopping cart.

What is a Spec?

Each room in the suite is further divided into individual tests, called specs. These specs are like smaller tasks that you want to complete to ensure that the code in that room works correctly. For example, you might have a spec to test that the login form accepts a valid email address and a spec to test that the shopping cart adds items correctly.

How Do They Work Together?

Test suites and specs work together to provide a comprehensive way to test your application. Each suite tests a specific area of your code, and each spec within that suite tests a specific aspect of that area.

Example

Let's say you have an application that allows users to create and delete accounts. You would create a test suite called "Account Management" and within that suite, you would have specs like:

// Account Management Test Suite

describe("Account Creation", () => {
  it("should create an account with a valid email and password", () => {
    // Your test code here
  });
});

describe("Account Deletion", () => {
  it("should delete an account with a valid email and password", () => {
    // Your test code here
  });
});

Applications in the Real World

Test suites and specs are essential for ensuring that your code works correctly and reliably. They help you:

Find bugs early on, saving time and money
Maintain and improve the quality of your code
Provide confidence that your application is stable and bug-free
Document the expected behavior of your code for future reference

Integration with Continuous Integration Systems

Integration with Continuous Integration Systems

Continuous Integration (CI) systems automate the testing and building of your code. They continuously merge code changes from multiple developers and run tests on the combined code to ensure it all works together.

How to integrate Jest with CI systems:

Install Jest: Install Jest globally or locally in your project.
Create a CI configuration file: This file tells the CI system how to run Jest tests. It typically includes the following settings:
```
language: node_js
node_js: latest
script: npm test
```
This configuration file tells the CI system to use the latest version of Node.js and to run the npm test command to execute the Jest tests.
Configure CI system: Configure the CI system to use your CI configuration file. Different CI systems have different ways of doing this.
Run tests: The CI system will now automatically run Jest tests when code changes are pushed to your repository.

Example:

language: node_js
node_js: latest
script: npm test

This configuration file tells the CI system to use the latest version of Node.js and to run the npm test command to execute the Jest tests.

Potential applications in real world:

Faster development cycles: CI systems help you quickly identify any issues with your code, allowing you to fix them sooner.
Improved code quality: CI systems ensure that your code is consistently tested and meets certain quality standards.
Simplified collaboration: CI systems make it easier for multiple developers to work on the same project without breaking it.

Using Babel

Using Babel with Jest

Benefits of Using Babel

Allows you to use modern JavaScript features in environments like Jest that only support older versions of JavaScript.
Provides transpilation, code transformation, and polyfills to make your code compatible with various target environments.

Configuration

babel.config.js

// babel.config.js
module.exports = {
  presets: ['@babel/preset-env'],
};

This configuration loads the @babel/preset-env preset, which handles the transpilation of modern JavaScript features.

Plugins

jest.config.js

// jest.config.js
module.exports = {
  transform: {
    '^.+\\.js$': 'babel-jest',
  },
};

Configures Jest to use the babel-jest transformer to transpile JavaScript files before running tests.

Real-World Implementation

Example Component

// my-component.js
import React from 'react';

const MyComponent = () => {
  const [count, setCount] = React.useState(0);
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>+</button>
      <p>{count}</p>
    </div>
  );
};

export default MyComponent;

Corresponding Test

// my-component.test.js
import React from 'react';
import { render } from '@testing-library/react';

describe('MyComponent', () => {
  it('increments the count when the button is clicked', () => {
    const { getByRole } = render(<MyComponent />);
    const button = getByRole('button');

    fireEvent.click(button);

    expect(getByText('1')).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
});

Applications

Developing React applications that use modern JavaScript features.
Testing applications written in modern JavaScript syntax.
Providing compatibility across different JavaScript environments.

Using Webpack

Webpack is a tool that helps you bundle JavaScript files and their dependencies into a single file. This can be useful for optimizing performance and reducing the number of HTTP requests required to load a web page.

Webpack works by first creating a dependency graph of all the JavaScript files in your project. This graph shows which files depend on other files, and in what order they need to be loaded.

Once webpack has created the dependency graph, it can start bundling the files. Webpack bundles the files by concatenating them together, and then minifying and compressing the resulting file.

Here is a simplified example of how to use webpack:

webpack.config.js

module.exports = {
  entry: './app.js',
  output: {
    path: './dist',
    filename: 'bundle.js',
  },
};

This webpack configuration tells webpack to bundle the file app.js and output the result to the file bundle.js in the directory dist.

To use this webpack configuration, you can run the following command:

webpack

This will bundle the files in your project and output the result to the dist directory.

Real-world applications of webpack

Webpack is used in a wide variety of real-world applications, including:

Optimizing the performance of web pages
Reducing the number of HTTP requests required to load a web page
Splitting large JavaScript files into smaller chunks
Lazy-loading JavaScript files
Creating custom JavaScript builds for different environments

Potential applications in the real world

Here are some potential applications of webpack in the real world:

A large e-commerce website could use webpack to optimize the performance of its product pages. By bundling all of the JavaScript files on a product page into a single file, the website could reduce the number of HTTP requests required to load the page and improve the page's load time.
A social media website could use webpack to reduce the number of HTTP requests required to load its newsfeed. By bundling all of the JavaScript files needed to display the newsfeed into a single file, the website could reduce the number of HTTP requests required to load the newsfeed and improve the user's experience.

Plugin System

Plugin System

Imagine Jest as a puzzle box, where you can add new pieces (plugins) to change how it works.

Types of Plugins

Preprocessor: Runs before your tests, like a filter that processes your test files.
Transformer: Modifies your tests, like an editor that makes changes before they run.
Reporter: Shows the results of your tests, like a newspaper that prints what happened.
Setup: Runs before all your tests, like a warm-up before a race.
Teardown: Runs after all your tests, like a cleanup after a party.

Creating a Plugin

To create a plugin, you need to:

Define a function that does what you want.
Export the function with a special name that tells Jest what type of plugin it is.
For example, for a preprocessor plugin:

export function preprocess(src, filename) {
  // Do something with the source code
  return src;
}

Using a Plugin

To use a plugin, you can configure it in your Jest configuration file (usually jest.config.js):

module.exports = {
  transform: {
    "^.+\\.js$": "<path-to-your-plugin>"
  }
};

Real-World Examples

Preprocessor: Convert TypeScript files to JavaScript before running tests.
Transformer: Automatically mock certain modules or functions.
Reporter: Create custom reports, like sending test results to a dashboard.
Setup: Initialize a database connection for all tests.
Teardown: Close the database connection after all tests.

Potential Applications

Plugins allow you to:

Customize Jest to your specific needs.
Extend Jest's functionality with new features.
Integrate Jest with other tools or frameworks.

Configuration

Jest Configuration

Jest is a popular testing framework for JavaScript. It allows you to write tests for your code and run them in a variety of environments. Jest has a number of configuration options that you can use to customize how it runs your tests.

Test Environment

Jest can run tests in a variety of environments, including Node.js, the browser, and React Native. The testEnvironment option allows you to specify which environment you want to use.

// package.json
{
  "jest": {
    "testEnvironment": "node"
  }
}

Test Runner

Jest uses a test runner to execute your tests. The testRunner option allows you to specify which test runner you want to use.

// package.json
{
  "jest": {
    "testRunner": "jest-circus"
  }
}

Transformers

Transformers are used to process your source code before it is executed by Jest. This can be useful for tasks such as transpiling your code to a different version of JavaScript. The transform option allows you to specify which transformers you want to use.

// package.json
{
  "jest": {
    "transform": {
      "^.+\\.js$": "babel-jest"
    }
  }
}

Reporters

Reporters are used to display the results of your tests. The reporters option allows you to specify which reporters you want to use.

// package.json
{
  "jest": {
    "reporters": [
      "default",
      "jest-html-reporter"
    ]
  }
}

Plugins

Plugins can be used to extend the functionality of Jest. The plugins option allows you to specify which plugins you want to use.

// package.json
{
  "jest": {
    "plugins": [
      "jest-dom",
      "jest-enzyme"
    ]
  }
}

Global Setup and Teardown

Global setup and teardown functions are executed before and after all of your tests. These functions can be used to perform tasks such as setting up a database connection or cleaning up after your tests. The globalSetup and globalTeardown options allow you to specify which functions you want to use.

// globalSetup.js
export default async () => {
  // Set up a database connection
};

// globalTeardown.js
export default async () => {
  // Clean up after your tests
};

// package.json
{
  "jest": {
    "globalSetup": "./globalSetup.js",
    "globalTeardown": "./globalTeardown.js"
  }
}

Real-World Applications

Jest configuration can be used to customize how Jest runs your tests in a variety of ways. Here are a few examples of how you might use Jest configuration in a real-world application:

To run your tests in a different environment: You might want to run your tests in a different environment, such as the browser or React Native, if you are developing a web or mobile application.
To use a different test runner: You might want to use a different test runner, such as jest-circus, if you are using a newer version of Jest.
To transform your source code: You might want to transform your source code to a different version of JavaScript, such as ES6, if you are using a newer version of JavaScript.
To display the results of your tests in a different way: You might want to display the results of your tests in a different way, such as in a HTML report, if you are working on a large project.
To extend the functionality of Jest: You might want to extend the functionality of Jest, such as by adding support for a new type of test, if you are working on a complex project.

Using Node.js Modules with ESM

Node.js Modules with ESM (ECMAScript Modules)

What are ESMs?

ESMs are a newer way to write JavaScript modules, replacing the old CommonJS style. They are designed to be more secure, modular, and easier to maintain.

Advantages of ESMs:

More secure: ESMs have a sandboxed environment, which prevents code from accessing global variables or modifying other modules.
More modular: ESMs are self-contained and can be reused easily without affecting other modules.
Easier to maintain: ESMs have a clear and consistent syntax, making them easier to read and understand.

How to Write ESMs:

To write an ESM, you can use the following syntax:

// my-module.js
export const myVar = 'Hello';
export function myFunction() {
  console.log('Hello from myFunction!');
}

To import an ESM, you can use the import keyword:

// main.js
import { myVar, myFunction } from './my-module.js';
console.log(myVar); // 'Hello'
myFunction(); // Logs 'Hello from myFunction!'

Real-World Examples:

Creating reusable components: ESMs are ideal for creating reusable components that can be easily imported and used in different projects.
Modularizing large applications: ESMs can help break up large applications into smaller, more manageable modules.
Improving security: ESMs can help protect against security vulnerabilities by isolating different parts of your code.

Potential Applications:

Web development: ESMs are widely used in modern web development frameworks like React and Angular.
Server-side development: ESMs can be used to build server-side applications using frameworks like Node.js and Express.
Cross-platform applications: ESMs can be used to create applications that run on multiple platforms, such as Electron and React Native.

Using Puppeteer

Understanding Puppeteer

Puppeteer is like a remote control for your browser. It allows you to open a browser, go to websites, click buttons, and type in fields, all from your code.

Installing Puppeteer

To get started, install Puppeteer like this:

npm install puppeteer

Opening a Browser

To open a browser window, use the puppeteer.launch() function:

const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');

const browser = await puppeteer.launch();

Going to a Website

To go to a website, use the Page.goto() function:

const page = await browser.newPage(); // Creates a new browser tab
await page.goto('https://example.com');

Clicking Buttons

To click a button, use the ElementHandle.click() function:

const button = await page.$('button'); // Selects the button element
await button.click();

Typing in Fields

To type in a field, use the ElementHandle.type() function:

const input = await page.$('input'); // Selects the input element
await input.type('Hello, world!');

Real-World Applications

Puppeteer can be used for a wide range of tasks, including:

Automated testing: Creating tests that run on a real browser instead of a headless environment.
Web scraping: Extracting data from websites.
Process automation: Automating tasks such as filling out forms or logging into websites.

Complete Code Implementation

Here's an example of using Puppeteer to scrape the titles of all the articles on the Hacker News homepage:

const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');

(async () => {
  const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
  const page = await browser.newPage();
  await page.goto('https://news.ycombinator.com/');

  const titles = await page.$$eval('a.storylink', elements => elements.map(e => e.textContent));

  console.log(titles);

  await browser.close();
})();

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